Ladislav Snopko

* 1949

  • „No a keď sa vrátim k tej VPN-ke, tak tým pádom VPN ako vedenie tohoto už politického hnutia mala vo vláde národného porozumenia iba dvoch členov svojho vedenia, čiže Ondruša a mňa. A to je zaujímavé, lebo dnes už všetci vieme, že keď politickí lídri uspejú tak sa stanú lídrami krajiny. Či už prezidentami alebo predsedami vlády alebo v týchto polohách fungujúcimi politikmi. To je čosi, nad čím sa vždy zamýšľam, že sme to vtedy možno s tou nepolitickou politikou nemali tak preháňať, pretože tým sme aj pomohli vytvoriť dodnes fungujúcu dvojtvárnosť slovenského verejného politického života. Na jednej strane sú tí, ktorí do toho idú a namočia sa, na druhej strane sú tí, ktorí ich komentujú, ale sú čistí. Myslím si, že aj tí komentátori by sa občas mali ponoriť do toho zložitého prostredia, ktorému sa vraví politický život. Lebo to prostredie je naozaj veľmi zložité, často špinavé alebo zašpinené tým, že tam nejdú tí kvalitní ľudia, ale len tí, ktorí tam idú z utilitárnych dôvodov. Ale aj tak to rozdelenie na dobrých a zlých, ktoré dnes funguje, pretože dnes politik nie je pozitívne slovo. Hoci ľudia, ktorí hovoria o špinavých politikoch, vlastne odsudzujú profesiu, ktorá sa o nich stará a toto uvažovanie je zvrátené. Ale to sa stalo trochu aj vďaka tomu, že elity chceli ostať elitami tak neodišili do politiky. Odišli skôr do tých polôh poslancov, poradcov politikov, atď., ale do tej politky, kde sa ide s kožou na trh v role ministra, predsedu parlamentu, predsedu vlády, kde človek musí vedieť robiť aj kompromisy a musí vedieť odhadnúť do akej miery ešte ten kompromis slúži tomu o čo mi ide a od akej miery to o čo mi ide potápa. A to sú veľmi zložité úlohy. A tým, že do politického sveta vstupujú čím ďalej tým jednoduchší ľudia, tak oni tieto rozdiely nedokážu rozlíšiť a potom sa to všetko mrší.“

  • „No a v tomto duchu, ale nie ako strategické rozhodnutie, netreba proste tú dobu, tú našu šedú zónu brať tak, že to bolo naše strategické vedomé rozhodnutie, že my nebudeme disent, že my sa to budeme snažiť robiť nejakým spôsobom tak, aby sa nám štátna moc, najmä jej totalitná zložka menom ŠtB do toho až tak nenávažala a zároveň aby to bol istý priestor slobody a voľného dychu. Tak sme to neplánovali. My sme proste spontánne, však sme boli aj dosť mladí, hľadali priestory, ktoré tá spoločnosť umožňovala. Keď si predstavíte rybu vo vode, keď jej je tej vody málo, tak sa tou plytčinou pohybuje vždy smerom k tej hlbšej vode tak sa nakoniec do nej dostane. My sme podobne spontánne hľadali možnosti, kde by sa dalo vybabrať s tým boľševikom, kde by sa dalo urobiť čosi, čo by malo punc slobody, slobodomyseľnosti a istého voľného nezaťaženého prejavu. Takže v roku 1980...a dialo sa to na báze osobných kontaktov, čiže nie oficiálnych, ale osobných kontaktov.“

  • „Ako som vravel, že na Slovensku nebol disent. Na Slovensku bola síce tajná cirkev, ale tajná cirkev bola introvertná. Fungovala síce vo veľkom kvantitatívnom počte, ale ich kvalita bola introvertná. Čiže neišli do iných súbežných štruktúr vtedajšiej spoločnosti. Preto napríklad Nežná revolúcia v personálnej podobe, alebo akú personálnu podobu mal pôvodný koordinačný výbor VPN, tam nie je nikto z tajnej cirkvi. Sú tam úplne iné oblasti, o ktorých budeme samozrejme hovoriť. Ale to asi až v druhom diely. To všetko boli komunikačné možnosti, ktoré vznikali spontánne. V Čechách tým, že vydávali samizdaty, a nie jeden ale veľa, tým, že boli stretnutia na rôznych úrovniach, tým pádom vznikala aj spätná väzba a oni už vytvárali čosi čo bolo inštitucionalizované. U nás sa tento rozmer podarilo vytvoriť iba v prostredí ochráncov životného prostredia. Ale to je tiež šedá zóna, pretože Slovenský zväz ochráncov životného prostredia (SZOPK pozn. autora) bol legálnou oficiálnou platformou, len jeho ZO 6 (základná organizácia) a sekcia pre ochranu ľudovej architektúry, najmä vďaka Maňovi (Mikulášovi) Hubovi, dostala aj tento slobodný rozmer. Podobne, hoci neinštitucionalizovane, fungovala neoficiálna scéna slovenského súčasného výtvarného numenia.“

  • „Viem, že stretnutia s ním... pretože Dominik Tatarka bol človek, ktorý sa dial v reči. V reči postupovalo jeho myslenie, v reči sa diali aj kontakty, ktoré nadväzoval a všetko ostatné. Za všetky stretnutia, ktoré sme spolu absolvovali, spomeniem jedno také veľmi zaujímavé a bizarné, ale presne vystihujúce tú dobu a atmosféru. Bolo to v 2. polovici 70. rokov, neviem či 77 alebo 78. Dominik mal vždy istý problém s tým, že keď sa s niekým stretne, tak toho niekoho hneď zoberie štátna bezpečnosť na výsluch. S nami ten problém nemal, lebo my sme si už svoje prvé výsluchy odbili, ako sa vraví, a po druhé mal reálny dôvod za nami chodiť, pretože jeden z nás bol manžel jeho dcéry. Ale aj napriek tomu sme tie stretnutia vždy realizovali spôsobom, ktorý by mohol mať čo najmenej svedkov. A tak sme sa rozhodli, že tým najlepším miestom pre stretnutia a dobrú dišputu budú sauny na Bernoláku, na vysokoškolskom internáte. Vtedy tam boli pri bazéne sauny ako nový výmysel. Tak sme sa my asi siedmi Gorazďáci s Dominikom vybrali do tej sauny, kam chodili kulturisti a tí, ktorí tú saunu brali presne v duchu toho zdravotno-fyzického významu, ktorý ona mala. Prišli sme tam, obliekli sme si tie plachty, ktoré nám dali, vyzeralo to dôstojne ako togy. Prišli sme s košíkom, v košíku boli pečené kurence, flašky červeného vína. Sadli sme si, Dominik rozprával, my sme počúvali, jedli, popíjali. Tí kulturisti ani náhodou nevedeli, čo to je, či sme marťania, alebo prečo, a kto to tam takto žije. Malo to neskonalú výhodu, pretože odpočúvať sa to nedalo, všetci tam boli nahí vrátane nás. Nikto dopredu nevedel, že tam prídeme. Tak to bol taký čarovný diškurz alebo salón v saune alebo ako by som to nazval. A Dominik stále rozprával a učil nás tomu, že tá primárna medziľudská komunikácia je v rozhovore. A najlepšie je, keď sa ten rozhovor deje na priamo. Vždy potom, keď sme sa aj my ocitli v akejkoľvek situácii, tak sme ju vždy zasvätili komunikácii, rozhovoru a nie nejakým praktickým príkazom alebo iba suchému vedeckému faktografickému mudrovaniu. Toto je vklad jednej z najvýznamnejších osobností slovenských dejín do našej nastupujúcej generácie a mne je veľmi ľúto, že tento vklad sa ešte stále neuchopil tým správnym spôsobom.“

  • „Ako poznáte Košice oni nemajú hlavné námestie, oni majú takú veľkú ulicu, ktorú volajú Hlavnou ulicou, kedysi to bolo tzv. Leninovo námestie. No a študenti vysokoškoláci bývajú v Košiciach najmä na Terase - to sú medici a prírodovedci a potom smerom od Maratónca von, kde boli skôr technické vedy. A my sme ako študenti išli oslavovať víťazstvo, jeden obrovský prúd z Terasy, druhý z druhej časti. Stretli sme sa na námestí Maratónu mieru a tam už stál veľký kordón policajtov, bolo ich možno 350 až 400 s polievacími autami, atď. A takou hradbou zeleno uniformovaných tiel s obuškami ohradili vstup do centra mesta. Vždy keď sme sa na nich začali tlačiť tak nás pekne preklepali a vytlačili von. Toto sa dialo hodnú chvíľu za búrlivého pokrikovania, pokiaľ odzadu tých policajtov nekráčal z kina manželský pár. Bolo to podvečer. Ten manžel mal na sebe oblek alebo sako a dederónovú košeľu. Dederónová košeľa sa vtedy nosila, umelohmotná snehovo biela. Policajti z neznámych príčin toho pána, ktorý išiel z kina s manželkou, zmlátili tak, že ležal na zemi a mal tú bielu košeľu zakrvavenú, čiže sa to výrazne a dramaticky odrážalo. A vtedy som zažil to, čomu sa vraví dav. Proste my, ľudia, študenti, ktorí sme dávali najavo svoj názor a svojou kolektívnou silou sme chceli dať najavo, že ten náš názor má na svete tiež miesto, sme sa zrazu zmenili v doslova beštiu, ktorú možno nazvať rozzúrený dav. Rozbehli sme sa na tých policajtov, nás bolo asi tisíc, čiže čo sa týka ľudských tiel sme boli v drvivej väčšine nad tými policajtami. Tí zrazu v poslednej chvíli zbadali, že je zle, vytiahli revolvery, ale kým sa čokoľvek snažili urobiť tak sme ich prevalili, skopali sme ich, rozbili sme im autá, rozmlátili sklá, bol to doslova masaker. Oni sa rozutekali, bola to hruza. Potom sme tak do tretej do štvrtej rána chodili dookola po tom veľkom námestí, vykrikovali protikomunistické heslá, vzdávali sme hold Milanovi Rastislavovi Štefánikovi. Keďže to ale bola spontánna vzbura, tak sme sa unavili a odišli sme každý na svoju izbu na internáty a tým pádom to skončilo. Ešte dlho dlho po tom sme sa mnohí učili na skúšky, jeden mal policajnú čapicu, druhý policajné sako, proste stopy po tom šialenom zásahu. Zaujímavé je, ale to by už bolo treba historicky overiť, že nám sa donieslo, že vedenie štátu tvrdo potrestalo veliteľa polície aj všetkých zodpovedných činiteľov za to, že proti nám tak tvrdo zakročili a že vybudili našu ešte tvrdšiu reakciu. Bolo to niečo neuveriteľné, dodnes mi z toho chodí mráz po chrbte, keď si spomeniem ako sme bežali ako šialení s holými rukami. Zmietli sme tých policajtov, darmo mali obušky a vodné delá.“

  • “On that chilly day, December 10, 1989, this event occurred. People were walking through the customs, customs officers then just waved their hands. It was no more contact with needed stamps, visa or so. Then we stood on an improvised tribune on the Danube riverside with microphones; there were Milan Kňažko, Ján Budaj, Martin Bútora and I, and over a little boat we appealed to our people who were at Devín Castle. There were about ten thousand people at Devín Castle, Peter Dvorský sang there. And in the morning a Slovak mountain climber, the first Czechoslovak who was on Mount Everest, Zolo Demjan, hoisted a very long Czechoslovak flag, which his wife made during the night. That strip of Czechoslovak tricolour shined from the castle. Within the preparations an artist Daniel Brunovský made a huge heart from the rest of Iron Curtain’s wire. Then it was standing on the riverside where we carried out this project. Even before Austria and West Germany signed the contract with Czechoslovakia about breaking the Iron Curtain, we de facto broke it in this great way. Brunovský’s heart was later washed away by a massive flood, but he made its replica that is now placed on our riverside of Danube, under Devín Castle. Austrian customs officers tried to count that number of people crossing the border back and forth on December 10, and they said that by the number of hundred thousand they gave it up. They simply knew there were more than hundred thousand people. It was amazing how these people walked to Austria and returned back. The magic of Gentle November was so powerful that nothing what could violate good relations, which we longed for, happened.”

  • “In some way citizens of Bohemia and Slovakia remained absolutely defenceless towards the impacts, which we set off in the favour of revolution, but later, in the meantime they were being used by someone who wanted to divide Czechoslovakia, and of course, by commercials and marketing. And today I think the marketing is so far and so immensely dominant in the minds of people, that it’s necessary to do something with it. It’s sad to see massive influencing of people who want to have better life even though they are just fine now. Slovaks are well, comparing to others; even comparing to Slovaks before the year 1989 they are much better nowadays. From the spiritual point of view, that massaging towards values only of material character makes from people vulnerable puppets. They are unsure, unstable, thinking that the sense of life is in possessing something; that is the present classical reasoning. As a director of Cultural Facilities in Petržalka (Bratislava), since 1996 until 2006, I used to organize so-called anti-drug forums, which were public forums of discussion about addictions. However, it was not only about material addictions as alcohol, drugs, pills, but also about non material addictions as was gambling, sex, violence, healthy lifestyle, etc. Here I realized that an addict makes much greater effort to gain the object of his addiction than a man who is hungry and wants to eat. So when we watch how the commercials work today, they are programming people to be addicted to desires for new cars, e.g.; when you watch TV series, they are composed in a way that when one episode ends, you want to immediately see another one. Once I walked in Poprad by Kaufland. Opposite to me walked a man who pushed a cart full of stuff and suddenly he recognized me and began to tell me off about how we ended up, that life was much better during the socialism. I was shocked and of course, people started to gather around. I looked at him and asked: ‘Excuse me, but did you have such a full shopping cart? Back then you even didn’t know things like that existed. And look how many people are here today, tens and hundreds, having their carts as full as you.’ Well, he was quite decent, he turned red and apologized. But you know the problem is we talk about poverty, but it is not true poverty, it’s envy. I envy my neighbour has a Mercedes and I have only old Škoda. The thing is that the inward values are completely corrupted. It is connected with education, which doesn’t provide the basic value systems in certain hierarchy. There is a great film in the cinemas now All My Children (Všetky moje deti) about a priest Marián Kuffa. This is where I see the hope, in such men and women it dwells.”

  • “The idea was that after freeing the customs, Bratislava citizens would walk to the other side of Danube, opposite to Devín Castle, to the Hainburg side of the river, and they would greet the Hainburg’s mayor. The second group of Bratislava citizens would be at Devín Castle. There would be a boat sailing on Danube, where the loudspeaker system would be installed, loud enough to be heard on both sides of the river. On the boat there would be Karel Kryl playing to both Slovakia as well as Austria. This idea seemed to me the best way how to appeal to both riversides as Kryl worked in emigration in Free Europe, whereas he still stayed in Czechoslovakia and Slovakia present in his songs. Both groups on the riversides and people at Devín Castle would have microphones connected by transmitters with the loudspeaker system on the boat, where would be Kryl, and everything they would say would be heard on both sides. It would be such a first bridge of understanding. Even though the realization wasn’t easy, enthusiasm of people was immense. At first, when it was announced, there was a great shock in official spheres. However, as soon as it spread out among Bratislava citizens, everyone awaited December 10, 1989. More times Martin Bútora and I went to negotiate to the Border Guard’s Headquarters, which was on the way to Devín next to a quarry. We could feel how they gradually receded at the headquarters and then we only solved the operating issues. So the main problem of carrying out the event or not was solved from our side. Of course, we, the inexperienced enthusiastic revolutionaries, didn’t realize the fact that we interfered in competences of our Border Guard, but at the same time we also were about to open borders into foreign state which was during the past 40 years considered to be a war enemy. Without visa and elementary diplomatic actions. The period in which we lived was so amazingly, even though hectically, but positively oriented, that after dealing with our Austrian partners, including the mayor of Hainburg, they agreed on everything. Otherwise there were risks of problems not only from our Border Guard, but also from the side of Austrian customs guard.”

  • “Today many people reproach us for the revolution was not aggressive, but gentle. I don’t feel guilty at all, because what has been happening in the society now, 25 years after our Gentle Revolution, is not caused by its good or bad presentation. Reasons for this are our bad traits, bad traits of naughty people. We weren’t brought up to functioning in democracy. Maybe our only mistake was that we thought, as Martin Bútora used to say, that it was enough just to uncurse people from the communist evil and this way they’d become good, as people are good by their nature. But it’s not like that. Weak people don’t have a chance to be good, very easily they get to ways of effortless solutions and temptations. The only mistake we have truly made was that we didn’t realize that solving of the back then situation dwelt only in education. We neglected attitude towards schooling, education, and towards the whole learning system of upcoming generations. We left it to the market mechanism, which is normally able to provide successful consume functioning of the society, but absolutely fails to ensure intellectual society’s functioning. When I turn back to November 1989, to all what happened in Bratislava since November 16, 1989 up to the first free elections, that was the only initial situation, to which we may return as to a credible one. It would be enough just to go back to that point and follow up with the humanity, decency and tolerance.”

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    Snopko Ladislav

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    Bratislava, 17.03.2014

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    Bratislava, 01.10.2019

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Even before Austria and West Germany signed the contract with Czechoslovakia about breaking the Iron Curtain, we de facto broke it in this great way

Ladislav Snopko 1978.jpg (historic)
Ladislav Snopko
photo: tranzit.org, commons.wikimedia.org

Ladislav Snopko was born on December 9, 1949 in Košice. After finishing the secondary school, he studied medicine in his hometown for a while, but as he inclined to the archaeological profession, he decided to enrol at the one-year practice in archaeological research of Devin Castle. Afterwards he decided to focus on this field of science. In 1970 he was accepted for the study at the Department of General History and Archaeology at the Faculty of Arts, Comenius University in Bratislava. He was successful and graduated in 1976. While studying at the university he met many eminent personalities of Slovak culture, science and politics. They used to organise various cultural events such as Koncert mladosti (Concert of Youth), Blues na Dunaji (Blues on Danube River), Folkfórum (Folk Forum), Gitariáda (Guitar Music Contest), which usually didn’t correspond to the cultural policy of the regime, therefore they were under strict control of the State Security. Ladislav Snopko also contributed articles to various magazines, lead an archaeological research and historical reconstruction of the ancient site of Gerulata in Rusovce near Bratislava, and in years 1988 - 1989 he was the head of the secretariat in organisation called Kruh priateľov českej kultúry na Slovensku (Circle of Friends of the Czech Culture in Slovakia). During the revolutionary days in 1989, he was one of the founding members of the Public against Violence movement (VPN), which was officially established as the most important opposing force of the Velvet Revolution in Slovakia on November 19, 1989. On December 10, 1989, he and Martin Bútora organised a march under the slogan “Hello Europe”, during which thousands of Bratislava citizens passed through the open Iron Curtain to Austria. From 1989 until 1991 when the Public against Violence ceased to exist, he worked as a member of the movement’s crucial body, the Coordination Centre. In the years 1990 - 1992 he was a Minister of Culture of the Slovak Republic, the member of the Slovak National Council and the chief coordinator of culture, education, sports and tourism of the Central European Initiative countries. He was also a founder of the cultural fund called Pro Slovakia, magazine Profil súčasného výtvarného umenia (Shape of Contemporary Visual Art) and worked as a member of the council of Bratislava self-governing region.